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Art Deco style
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Art Deco (French: Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et
Industriels Modernes) was a twentieth century movement in the
decorative arts, that grew to influence architecture, design,
fashion and the visual arts. The name Art Deco derived from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes, though the term was not used until the late 1960s. Art Deco was influenced by many different cultures, particularly pre-World War I Europe. The movement occurred at the same time, and as a response to, the rapid social and technological advances of the early 20th century. Paris was at the center of the high end of Art Deco design, epitomized in furniture by Jacques-Emile Ruhlmann, the best-known of Art Deco furniture designers and perhaps the last of the traditional Parisian ébénistes, and Jean-Jacques Rateau, the firm of Süe et Mare, the screens of Eileen Gray, wrought iron of Edgar Brandt, metalwork and lacquer of Jean Dunand, the glass of René Lalique and Maurice Marinot, clocks and jewelry by Cartier. |
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The term Art Deco was coined during the Exposition of 1925 but did
not receive wider usage until it was re-evaluated in the 1960s. Its
practitioners were not working as a coherent community. It is
considered to be an eclectic form of decorative Modernism, being
influenced by a variety of sources: Early work from the Wiener Werkstätte; functional industrial design, with roots in the later nineteenth century "Primitive" arts of Africa, Egypt, or Aztec Mexico, partly mediated through Decorative Cubism Ancient Greek sculpture and ceramic design of the less naturalistic "archaic period" Léon Bakst's sets and costumes for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes Fractionated, crystalline, facetted form of decorative Cubism and Futurism Fauve color palette Severe forms of radical Neoclassicism: Boullée, Schinkel Everything associated with Jazz, Jazz Age or "jazzy" Animal motifs and forms; tropical foliage; ziggurats; crystals; "sunbursts"; stylized fountain motifs Lithe athletic "modern" female forms; flappers' bobbed haircuts Machine age technology such as the radio and skyscraper. Corresponding to these influences, Art Deco is characterized by use of materials such as aluminum, stainless steel, lacquer, inlaid wood, sharkskin (shagreen), and zebraskin. The bold use of zigzag and stepped forms, and sweeping curves (unlike the sinuous curves of the Art nouveau), chevron patterns, and the sunburst motif. Some of these motifs were ubiquitous — for example the sunburst motif was used in such varied contexts as a lady's shoe, a radiator grille, the auditorium of the Radio City Music Hall and the spire of the Chrysler Building. Art Deco was an opulent style and this lavishness is attributed to reaction of the forced austerity caused by World War I. Its rich, festive character fitted it for "modern" contexts including interiors of cinema theaters and ocean liners such as the Ile de France and Normandie. A parallel movement called Streamilne Moderne or simply Streamline followed close behind. Streamilne was influenced by manufacturing and streamlining techniques arising from science and the mass production shape of bullet, liners, etc., where aerodynamics are involved. Once the Chrysler Air-Flo design of 1933 was successful, "streamlined" forms began to be used even for objects such as pencil sharpeners and refrigerators. Art Deco slowly lost patronage in the West after reaching mass production, where it began to be derided as gaudy and presenting a false image of luxury. Eventually the style was cut short by the austerities of World War II. In colonial countries such as India, it became a gateway for Modernism and continued to be used well into the 1960s. A resurgence of interest in Art Deco came with graphic design in the 1980s, where its association with film noir and 1930s glamour led to its use in ads for jewelry and fashion. |
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